Thursday, March 2, 2017

大時代、小創作、大影響


大時代、小創作、大影響


"To Kill a Mockingbird"-:小說名著

The 10 Best Non-Musical One-Hit Wonders

This hugely successful and inspirational Pulitzer Prize-winning novel is author Harper Lee’s one and only novel. While the highly-controversial sequel, Go Set a Watchman, is in the process of being released (under bizarre circumstances), this novel is technically her only hit. She’s reportedly worth over $35 million now and earns over $9,000 a day in royalties from the only book she’s ever released.

這巨大的成功和令人鼓舞的普立玆獎獲獎小說是, 作者哈珀李唯一的一部小說。雖然極具爭議性的續集-守望人,是正在被發表 (處於離奇的情節) 的過程中,但這本小說是從技術上講,是她唯一的轟動作品。據說,她現在的身價超過 $ 3,500 萬美元,每一天從她曾經發佈了唯一的,一本書的版稅中的收入超過 $9,000美元。

《編按》:

Harper Lee: 1926-2016. 該小說已成為現代美國文學的典範(a classic of modern American literature). 故事描寫是1930年代,黑白种族的衝突。2007年作者因對文學的貢獻,被頒授『總統自由勳章』( the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contribution to literature.)


Eli Whitney


The 10 Best Non-Musical One-Hit Wonders

Eli Whitney was one of the fathers of the Industrial Revolution, so we’re not saying he’s not important. He’s very important, but it was the lack of successful inventions following the cotton gin that puts him on this list. The only other invention that had Whitney’s name was the milling machine—however, subsequent historians note that others around the same time could have aided Whitney, leaving the Cotton Gin as his only true invention.

伊萊 · 惠特尼是工業革命之父之一,所以我們不說他並不重要。他是非常重要的,但發明了棉花軋花機後,由於缺乏成功的發明物,才把他放在此名單中。唯一的其他發明,含有惠特尼的名稱的是磨粉機  然而,隨後的歷史學家注意到,其他人在同一時間可以輔助惠特尼,留下軋花機作為他唯一真正的發明。

『編按』:
Whitney生於1765-1825年,他的發明改變了美國南方經濟,使棉花成為有利的農作物,也強化了『蓄養黑奴』的經濟基礎(economic foundation)


Minecraft 

The 10 Best Non-Musical One-Hit Wonders

This Swedish game designer’s one and only claim to fame is the 2011 massive first-person game, Minecraft. While Markus “Notch” Persson did manage to spearhead a few follow-up games, each of them failed to make a dent in the gaming community in the same way. Minecraft made more than enough money to keep Persson afloat and he sold his video game company, Mojang, to Microsoft for $2.5 billion dollars. So, he’s got that going for him...which is nice.

這個瑞典遊戲設計師唯一成名,只是 Minecraft 2011 大型的第一人稱遊戲。雖然馬庫斯"缺口"佩爾松的的確,成功地做到率先後續的幾場遊戲,但他們每個人都未能用相同的方式,在遊戲界,創造出一個顯著效果。Minecraft 賺得足夠多的錢來維持佩爾松,和他把他的視頻遊戲公司,Mojang(麻將),賣給微軟 25 億美金。所以,他的一切他......這是很好

『編按』:
麻將公司總部設在瑞典。該公司從2009年起,開始出名。作曲家和音響工程師,Daniel Rosenfeld,以C418聞名。


James K. Polk


The 10 Best Non-Musical One-Hit Wonders

Quick, when did James Polk serve in office? Exactly. While this man is far from the tip of anyone’s tongues, he actually accomplished a lot in his one term in office. He successfully annexed Texas, parts of Oregon, and signed a treaty that added roughly 1.2 million square miles of territory to the U.S. He's the president who made America a coast-to-coast nation, but died from cholera three months after leaving office—leaving him as a footnote in most textbooks. 

讓我們快點來看,詹姆斯波爾克何時擔任公職?一點不錯。雖然這個人並非人口皆碑,但實際上,他在一任總統的任期内,就成就非凡。他成功地兼併德克薩斯州,局部的俄勒岡州,並簽署了一項條約,使美國增加大約 120 萬平方公里的領土。他就是一位使美國成為跨越東西兩岸的總統。但卸任三個月後死于霍亂, 使他的名字成為大多數教科書中的註解說明。

《感想》自17世紀後,中國皇帝只有免費割讓土地給他國,而未花錢買一吋土地。

Edmund Gettier


The 10 Best Non-Musical One-Hit Wonders

The story behind Edmund Gettier is fascinating and perfectly summed up in this comment

艾德蒙 · 结梯背後的故事是迷人的,且在此評論中,被做了完美地總結

.Edmund Gettier wrote a three-page paper in 1963 mainly to satisfy the administration at his college. He thought it was so terrible that he had someone translate it into Spanish and published it in a single obscure South American philosophy journal, and never published anything else.
That paper revolutionised the entire theory of knowledge, which had been largely static for over two millennia.

艾德蒙 · 結梯在 1963 年,寫了三頁紙的敘述,主要是為了滿足,他大學中的管理團隊。他認為寫得如此糟糕,所以他叫人把它翻譯成西班牙文,並出版在沒沒無聞的南美哲學刊物上,以後也從未出版過別的東西。

但他寫的那張東西,徹底改變了整個知識的理論,而這個理論兩千多年來,一直很大程度地停滯不前。

《編按》:
Edmund L. Gettier III 1927年出生於美國馬利蘭州的哲學家,他用三頁紙寫的東西叫"Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?,"(真正的信仰可証明是知識?) 它衍生巨大的哲學文學,並試圖回覆有名的the Gettier problem 它有時用於描寫知識學上(epistemology) 的任何案件,拒斥JTB的看法


Compiled by Justin Lai 賴正雄 編譯

03/02/2017

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